Tutorial of Fourier transform for ultrafast optics

This tutorial is designed for individuals who are new to the field of ultrafast optics. It was written in response to the apparent lack of comprehensive introductions to the basic Fourier transform, extending beyond the flat-phase description. Additionally, there is a need for complete derivations of several relations involving the Fourier transform, maintaining its most general formulation. This approach avoids the arbitrary selection of Fourier-transform constants and ensures a complete understanding. It shows the importance of having Fourier-transform constants as parameters, which I would like to advocate people to do. Most important of all, I have seen misuse of Fourier transform over my years of discussion in the lab and from others' questions since I shared my code publicly on Github. Surprisingly, since people check the correctness of numerical implementation only by seeing if the simulation result is smooth and if it duplicates the "overall physics," this seems to be a widespread problem from my perspective, which can be solved by a simple tutorial. This is why I hope that this tutorial can help people understand more about the Fourier transform, especially in the context of ultrafast optics.